## Ethereum Breaks Through the Blockchain Trilemma? Vitalik Buterin Reveals Technical Roadmap

The blockchain trilemma has always been an unavoidable topic in the industry—how to achieve decentralization, security, and scalability simultaneously? According to recent reports, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin announced on the X platform that, through two major technological solutions—PeerDAS and ZK-EVMs—Ethereum has found a way to break the deadlock.

**Origin and Dilemma of the Trilemma**

Since April 2017, Buterin has been exploring how to overcome performance bottlenecks related to data availability. The core of the blockchain trilemma is that most blockchain systems, in pursuit of decentralization and security, often sacrifice transaction throughput; while attempting to improve scalability, they tend to become centralized. Ethereum has spent a full decade seeking a solution to this challenge.

**Dual-Approach Technical Solutions**

Buterin emphasizes that PeerDAS and ZK-EVMs are the answers to this dilemma. Among them, PeerDAS, as a data availability sampling technology, was officially deployed to the mainnet during the Fusaka upgrade in December last year, enabling Ethereum to handle more data traffic efficiently. On the other hand, ZK-EVMs (Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machines) will be compatible with the existing Ethereum Virtual Machine, implementing state verification through zero-knowledge proofs. Currently still in alpha stage, they have already achieved production-level performance.

**Evolution Roadmap for the Next Four Years**

According to Buterin’s plan, Ethereum’s scalability path will be advanced in phases. By 2026, a large-scale increase in gas limits will be achieved, breaking free from dependencies on non-ZK-EVM solutions; between 2026 and 2028, gas re-pricing and state structure adjustments will be carried out; by 2027-2030, ZK-EVM virtual machines will become the primary method for verifying blocks.

This means that Ethereum not only addresses the theoretical aspects of the trilemma at the technical level but also has a concrete implementation timetable, turning this breakthrough from concept into reality.