Bitcoin RWA tokenization faces sweeping China ban

China labels RWA tokenization illegal, targeting onshore and Hong Kong Web3 service chains.
Summary

• Seven top Chinese finance associations classify RWA tokenization with crypto and stablecoins as illegal, calling it high-risk and fraudulent.
• Notice extends liability to overseas projects with mainland staff and service providers, effectively dismantling China’s domestic RWA/Web3 support stack.
• Move contrasts with Singapore’s RWA leadership and aligns with Beijing’s digital yuan push and tighter control over cross-border capital flows.

Seven major Chinese financial industry associations jointly declared real-world asset (RWA) tokenization an illegal financial activity, according to a local report in China.

The China Internet Finance Association, China Banking Association, China Securities Association, China Asset Management Association, China Futures Association, China Association of Listed Companies, and China Payment and Clearing Association issued a notice warning domestic and international practitioners that RWA activities lack legal basis for operation under Chinese law.

The statement listed RWA alongside stablecoins, cryptocurrencies, and crypto mining as primary manifestations of illegal virtual currency activities, categorizing tokenization projects as high-risk, fraudulent methods rather than emerging financial technologies awaiting regulatory clarification.

China skeptical of real world asset push

Attorney Liu Honglin described the coordinated announcement as “a blatant cross-industry, cross-regulatory ‘unified messaging’ operation,” noting that such association collaborations typically occur only at critical junctures in preventing systemic financial risks, according to the report.

The joint notice explicitly defined real-world asset tokenization as “financing and trading activities through the issuance of tokens or other rights and debt instruments with token characteristics,” stating such operations carry “multiple risks, including the risk of fictitious assets, the risk of business failure, and the risk of speculation.”

Regulators emphasized that Chinese financial regulatory authorities have not approved any real-world asset tokenization activities, eliminating any possibility that projects could claim to be in regulatory exploration phases or awaiting registration approval, the notice stated.

The stance differs from that of Singapore, which leads the global ranking in 2025 for RWA adoption, according to the report. Officials outlined three critical violations under existing Chinese law associated with RWA operations.

Projects issuing tokens to the general public while raising funds face illegal fundraising charges, while facilitating transactions or distributing tokens without permission constitutes unauthorized public securities offerings, according to the notice. Token trading involving leverage or betting mechanisms may constitute illegal futures business operations, with these characterizations grounded directly in provisions of China’s Criminal Law and Securities Law.

The document stated that RWA token structures cannot guarantee legal ownership or liquidation of underlying assets, regardless of whether project teams believe their assets are genuine and technology transparent. Regulators determined that risk spillover remains uncontrollable even in supposedly compliant projects.

China’s securities regulator is urging domestic brokerages to halt real-world asset tokenization operations in Hong Kong, the report stated.

The warning specifically addressed projects attempting to circumvent regulations through “real-world asset anchoring,” “overseas compliance path,” and “technology service output” narratives.

The notice targeted not only project operators but the entire Web3 service ecosystem supporting RWA activities, stating that “domestic staff of relevant overseas virtual currency and real-world assettoken service providers, as well as domestic institutions and individuals who knowingly or should have known that they are engaged in virtual currency-related businesses and still provide services to them, will be held accountable according to law.”

The “knowing or should have known” standard establishes a legal presumption of liability based on reasonable objective judgment rather than requiring proof of subjective intent, directly negating the common Web3 operational model of offshore company registration with mainland Chinese staff, according to the report.

Attorney Liu noted the standard means teams cannot escape accountability by claiming pure technology service provision or infrastructure support roles.

Project planners, technology outsourcing providers, marketing agents, influencer promoters, and payment interface providers all face potential legal consequences if they provide services to RWA projects targeting Chinese users, the notice stated.

The directive stated that even hiring a single operations person in China could expose ostensibly offshore projects to legal risks.

The enforcement approach effectively terminates the entire domestic Web3 service chain built around RWA within China, as supporting services lose viable business models alongside the prohibition on primary operations, according to the report.

The crackdown follows frequent fraudulent activities operating under RWA branding, with the document noting that “criminals are taking advantage of this to promote related trading and speculation activities, using stablecoins, worthless coins (such as π coin), Real-World Asset (RWA) tokens, and ‘mining’ as a guise to carry out illegal fundraising, pyramid schemes, and other illegal activities.”

The timing coincides with China’s push to internationalize its digital yuan through a new Shanghai operations center focused on cross-border payments and blockchain services, while simultaneously blocking major tech firms Ant Group and JD.com from issuing stablecoins in Hong Kong to preserve the state’s monopoly on currency issuance, the report stated.